Disruption without destruction: television entry and the reorganization of commercial radio
Uses the FCC's 1948–1952 television licensing freeze as a natural experiment to study how commercial radio's business model reorganized under TV entry. Exploiting quasi-random variation in the timing of local TV market entry, I find a compositional revenue shift from network compensation to local advertising. Effects are heterogeneous by market size: large markets de-networked as radio lost its comparative advantage, while small markets gained network revenue by offering exclusive reach to non-TV households. The results document a channel of vertical disintegration driven by the entry of a complementary medium rather than direct substitution.
Workplace organization in Victorian railways (with Keitaro Ninomiya)
Examines how accident risk shaped workplace hierarchy and organizational structure in 19th-century British railways. Uses 2SLS with infrastructure accident instruments to identify the causal effect of accident exposure on employment structure. Draws on newly digitized UK railway employment records to construct a panel of firm-level organizational outcomes.
Special economic zones and labor market slack in India
Studies the heterogeneous employment effects of India's Special Economic Zones across labor markets with varying degrees of slack. Uses a continuous distance-weighted SEZ exposure variable to handle severe geographic clustering — 84% of SEZs have another within 25km. Finds that treatment effects are concentrated in regions with higher marginal agricultural worker shares, consistent with an elastic labor supply channel. Contrasts with prior designs that are downward-biased due to reference group contamination.